Big bulky speakers are a thing of the past for sound systems.
Today, most systems use a special part called a complementary output stage to make them smaller and work better.
This article will take a look inside a small 1 watt amp and show you how it works, step by step.
What is a 1-Watt Hi-Fi Amplifier Circuit:
A 1-watt Hi-Fi amplifier circuit is an electronic circuit designed to amplify audio signals with high fidelity Hi-Fi at a power output of approximately 1 watt.
Hi-Fi amplifiers are characterized by their ability to reproduce audio signals with minimal distortion and high clarity.
The 1-watt power output makes this amplifier suitable for applications such as small audio systems, desktop speakers or headphone amplifiers.
Circuit Working:
Parts List:
| Component | Value | Type | Quantity |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resistors | 1/4 W CFR | ||
| 68Ω | CFR | 1 | |
| 1M | CFR | 1 | |
| 1Ω | CFR | 2 | |
| 1k | CFR | 1 | |
| Potentiometer | 5k | Potentiometer | 1 |
| Semiconductors | |||
| Transistor | 2N3904 | 1 | |
| Transistor | 2N2430 | 1 | |
| Transistor 2 | 2N2706 | 1 | |
| Other | |||
| Speaker LS1 | 4Ω | Speaker | 1 |
| Battery / DC Supply | 9V | Power Supply | 1 |
The 1-watt Hi-Fi amplifier circuit at the core of modern sound systems employs a complementary output stage, featuring NPN and PNP power transistors.
Below mentioned are the process of circuit working:
The input signal enters the circuit and encounters the volume control RV1, functioning as a volume knob to regulate the signals strength.
Q1, the first stage amplifier takes the conditioned signal from the volume control.
Its collector load consists of resistors R1, R5 and the loudspeaker.
The voltage at the collector hovers around half of the supply voltage, typically 4.5V.
The emitters of Q2 and Q3 converge at a junction where the voltage mirrors the collector voltage at 4.5V.
Low-value resistors R3 and R4 restrict the current flowing through Q2 and Q3.
When the input signal amplified by Q1 remains below 4.5V (approximately half the supply voltage), Q2 remains active and Q3 remains switched off.
As the signal surpasses 4.5V, Q2 switches off, and Q3 takes over.
The amplified signals from Q2 and Q3 merge at their common emitter junction and flow through electrolytic capacitor C2, connecting to the loudspeaker.
Negative feedback is a crucial element in maintaining stability and minimizing distortion.
It is facilitated by resistors R5 and R2 which slightly reduce the circuits gain.
Additionally, resistor R1 provides base bias for Q2 and Q3 although modern designs often employ thermistors or diodes to prevent “thermal runaway” and protect the output transistors.
Output
The result of this intricate circuit is an impressive 1-watt output with minimal distortion contributing to the exceptional sound quality of Hi-Fi systems.
Formulas:
Employing the parts shown above in the circuit schematic, you can construct a 1-Watt Hi-Fi Amplifier Circuit by employing a basic transistor amplifier circuit.
Here is a general formula for for your circuit diagram:
Power Calculation:
Using the following formula, one may estimate the power provided to the speaker P:
P = Vpeak2Rload
where,
- Vpeak stands for peak voltage swing and Rload for speaker impedance which is 4 ohms
You may use the provided transistors and components to create a 1-Watt Hi-Fi Amplifier Circuit by following this basic formula.
Depending on particular needs, component availability, and desired performance characteristics, adjustments could be required.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
- The complementary output stage offers a space efficient solution making it suitable for modern sound system designs where space is at a premium.
- The circuit delivers a 1-watt output with remarkably low distortion, ensuring high quality sound reproduction.
- Negative feedback and biasing components contribute to the circuits stability protecting the output transistors from damage.
Drawbacks
- The circuit employs DC coupling, which means that any change in one transistor can have a significant impact on the entire circuit.
- Using matched pairs of transistors for the output stage is advisable to mitigate this issue.
Building 1-Watt Hi-Fi Amplifier Circuit
Below mentioned are the steps for building the 1 watt Hi-Fi amplifier circuit:
Begin by selecting matched pairs of NPN and PNP power transistors for the complementary output stage to ensure consistent performance.
Connect the input signal to the volume control RV1, allowing you to adjust the signal strength.
Route the signal through C1 to protect against unwanted DC components.
Direct the conditioned signal to the base of Q1, the first stage amplifier.
Construct Q1 collector load using resistors R1 and R5 along with the loudspeaker to create the output stage.
Implement resistors R3 and R4 to control the current through Q2 and Q3.
Facilitate signal switching between Q2 and Q3 based on the signals amplitude relative to 4.5V.
Ensure negative feedback by employing resistors R5 and R2 to stabilize the circuit and reduce distortion.
Utilize resistor R1 for base biasing of Q2 and Q3 or consider employing thermistors or diodes for thermal protection.
Finally, complete the circuit by connecting the amplified signal to the loudspeaker via electrolytic capacitor C2.
Conclusion
This meticulously designed 1-watt Hi-Fi amplifier circuit has found its place at the core of modern sound systems.
Its compactness, low distortion and stability have made it a popular choice among circuit designers.
Feel free to experiment with this circuit and refine your circuit design skills.
If you have any questions or need assistance please do not hesitate.