Switching Regulator are small circuit and easy to underderstand.
They take little energy pieces from input and send it to output step by step.
They turn power transistor ON and OFF fast and this controls voltage good.
Different from linear regulators they do not waste energy as heat.
They use parts like inductors, capacitors, diodes to save and move energy so they work better.
We can see them in many devices like in phones, laptops and factory machines.
Circuit Working:
Switching regulator works by turning transistor S1 ON and OFF and this controls how energy moves from input voltage to output.
Simple switching regulator circuit is shown in above diagram.
When transistor S1 closes electricity goes from input Vin to load through capacitor Cin.
When switch opens then capacitor Cout gives energy to load resistor RL.
This way is not very good or stable, so it is not good for real use.
Above circuit is switching regulator with inductor and diode.
When switch S1 closes electricity flow through inductor L1 which saves energy in magnetic field.
When switch opens inductor gives stored energy through diode D1 and capacitor Cout to load RL.
Inductor keeps current steady and diode stops backflow electricity so it works better.
Formulas with Calculations:
Formulas for Switching Regulator Circuits:
Output Voltage:
Vout = D × Vin
where,
Vout = Vin / (1 – D)
Example: Vin = 5V, D = 0.6
Vout = 5 / (1-0.6) = 12.5V
Inductor Selection:
L = (Vin × D) / (f × ΔI)
where,
- L is the inductance in Henry
- f is the frequency in Hz
- ΔI is the ripple current in Amps
Example: Vin = 12V, D = 0.5, f = 100kHz, ΔI = 0.5A
L = (12×0.5) / (100000×0.5) = 120μH
Output Capacitor:
C = Iout / (f × Vripple)
where,
- C in Farads
- Iout in Amps
- Vripple in Volts
Example: Iout = 2A, f = 100kHz, Vripple = 0.05V
C = 2 / (100000×0.05) = 400μF
Input Capacitor:
Cin = (Iin × D) / (f × Vripple-in)
where,
- Iin is the input current
- D is the duty cycle for Vout and Vin
Example:
Vin = 12V, Vout = 6V, Iout = 2A, f = 100kHz, Vripple-in = 0.1V
Duty cycle D = 6/12 = 0.5
Iin = (6×2)/12 = 1A
Cin = (1 × 0.5) / (100000 × 0.1) = 50μF
How to Build:
To build a Switching Regulator Circuits follow the below mentioned steps:
- Put all parts from circuit diagrams:
- Vin is input voltage from power supply.
- Cin is input capacitor and it keep input voltage steady and reduce changes.
- S1 is switching transistor and tiny switch turn ON/OFF very fast.
- L1 is inductor that save and give energy and control current flow.
- D1 is the Schottky diode which let current flow when S1 is OFF.
- Cout is the output capacitor which smooth voltage for steady DC output.
- RL is the load resistor, part that use power.
Conclusion:
In this Understanding Switching Regulator Circuit is better than normal linear regulators because waste less power and work good.
Adding inductor and Schottky diode make circuit more efficient and stable.
Circuit is good for real life use like DC-DC converters and power management.